Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research

Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research SUBSURFACE LAYER CHARACTERISATION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING IN BANANA ISLAND, LAGOS, NIGERIA OLADUNJOYE, H.T., 2OLALEYE, A.O. Dynamic Seven (7) vertical electrical sounding stations along two crosses were utilized to examine the profundity to able arrangement for establishment of building structures in Banana Island of Lagos. The investigation is intended to disentangle the nearness of issue soils that can be unfriendly to structures.  The sounding information utilized in this investigation was procured utilizing Schlumberger Electrode Configuration. The VES information were deciphered into a model bend utilizing forward displaying programming called Winglink. The translation boundaries (layer resistivities and thicknesses) for each VES point were gathered into three geo-electric areas to speak to the 2-D models of the subsurface layers in the investigation region. The last understanding outcomes (resistivities and profundities) displayed as geoelectrical segments and pseudosections were looked at inside the overviewed territory and corresponded with the borehole log-inferred profundities to decide a likely profundity for establishments of tall structure. The examination presumed that the geophysical examination is of extraordinary hugeness in incomplete bend coordinating understanding procedure gives the most reliably low rate deviation blunder edges among the three VES fundamental translation strategies. There is reliable increment top to bottom expectation mistake, with profundity, in all the understanding methods. Presentation Geophysical resistivity procedures depend on the reaction of the earth to the progression of electrical flow. In all techniques, an electrical flow is gone through the ground and the subsequent potential cathodes permit us to record the resultant likely distinction between the flow terminal is estimated. The clear resistivity is then an element of the deliberate impedance (proportion of potential to current) and the geometry of the cathode exhibit. Contingent on the overview geometry, the obvious resistivity information are plotted as 1-D soundings, 1-D profiles, or in 2-D cross-areas so as to search for peculiar districts. In the shallow subsurface, the nearness of water controls a significant part of the conductivity variety. Estimation of resistivity (opposite of conductivity) is, by and large, a proportion of water immersion and network of pore space. This is on the grounds that water has a low resistivity and electric ebb and flow will follow the easy way out. Expanding immersion, expanding saltiness of the underground water, expanding porosity of rock (water-filled voids) and expanding number of breaks (water-filled) all will in general diminishing estimated resistivity. Resistivity estimations are related with changing profundities relying upon the partition of the present and expected cathodes in the study, and can be deciphered regarding a lithologic and additionally geohydrologic model of the subsurface. The decision for Direct Current (DC) resistivity study in this task is because of its capacity to give a speedy succinct picture of lithological and groundwater attributes regarding its clear resistivity differentiate. In this work the electrical resistivity character gathered were model with Winresist and Winglink reversal programming. The layers boundaries (resistivities and thicknesses) acquired from information preparing were then transformed with Winglink to give two-dimensional pictures of the subsurface clear resistivity variety (Pseudosection). Be that as it may, information on the geography of the zone from obtained borehole log has assumed a crucial job in deciding the best fit model. MATERIALS AND METHOD OF STUDY The vertical electrical resistivity is utilized to decide the subsurface resistivity circulation and profundity of the sub-surface layers with the guide of electrical resistivity meter. In this investigation, Schlumberger exhibit of electrical resistivity technique was embraced in view of the minimal effort of the field activity, decreased coordinations labor and furthermore quicker. An aggregate of Six (6) vertical electrical sounding (VES) were estimated inside the zone. The resistivity estimation is taken by presenting little segment of power through two current cathodes (An and B) and estimating the resultant voltage drop between a couple of expected anodes (M and N). A straightforward determined estimation of evident resistivity is the boundary bearing the data for the qualities of the earth (Tonkov, 2008). From the establishment of electrical resistivity hypothesis is the ohms law (Grant and West, 1965; Dobrin and Sarvit, 1988):    â â â â â â â â (1) Where Ï  is the resistivity, R is the obstruction, L is the length of the directing chamber and An is the cross sectional region. For the strong earth, whose material is dominatingly comprised of silicates and essentially non channels, the nearness of water in the pore space of the dirt and in the stones breaks improves the conductivity of the earth when an electrical flow I is gone through it, along these lines making the stones a semi conductor.â Since the earth isn't care for a straight wire and it's anything but an anisotropic, at that point Equation 1 can be redone as:  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â (2) Where change in voltage and r is the range of current terminals side of the equator. Since the earth isn't homogeneous, Equation 2 is utilized to characterize a clear resistivity which is figured as the result of the geometric factor and the obstruction recorded in the electrical resistivity meter and resistivity the earth would have on the off chance that it were homogeneous (Grant and West, 1965;):  â â â  â â  â â â â â â â â â (3) Where, 2ï€r is then characterize as the geometric factor (G) fixed for a given anode design and is subject to the terminal game plan. The Schlumberger anode design was utilized for this investigation. The geometric factor is along these lines given as:  â â (4) Where AB is the separation between two current cathodes, MN is the separation between two likely anodes. Area AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA The investigation zone is situated in the south-eastern piece of Lagos State between Latitudes 6â ° 25 to 6â ° 28 North of the Equator and Longitudes 3â ° 24 to 3â ° 30 East of the Greenwich Meridian (Fig.1.1). The examination region Lekki and its environ issituated inside the western Nigeria seaside rivers and tidal pond created by boundary sea shores related with sand testimony (Pugh, 1954). It frames some portion of the Lagos tidal pond framework known as the biggest of the four tidal pond framework in the bay of guinea coast (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi, 2000). Banana Island is a counterfeit island in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is situated in the Lagos Lagoon and connected toward the North-Eastern Ikoyi Island by a committed street strip which is connected to the current street arrange. The banana-molded Island is roughly 1,630,000 square meters in size (not exactly a square mile) and is isolated into 536 plots (of somewhere in the range of 1000 and 4000 square meters in size) principally orchestrated along circular drives, so intended to upgrade the generally private nature of Ikoyi. Banana Island is a counterfeit island recovered from segments of the Lagos Lagoon, topographic rise acquired at the site found the middle value of 4 meters above mean ocean level. The investigation territory is situated inside the beach front locale of Nigeria with an atmosphere of long wet season (April to October) and short dry season (November to March). Normal yearly precipitation is above 2000mm and fills in as a wellspring of groundwater revive. The territory is helpless to flooding after substantial precipitation during the wet season. Nigeria lies in a broad Pan-African versatile belt which isolates the West African and Congo Cratons. The belt is deciphered to have developed from the mainland crash between the West African craton and the Pan-African belt (Black et al., 1979; Caby et al., 1981). Geochronologically, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria can be assembled into four significant classes (Liberian Orogeny 2800  ± 200 Ma, Eburnean Orogeny 2000  ± 200 Ma, Kibaran Orogeny 1100  ± 200 Ma and The Pan-African Orogeny 600  ± 150 Ma). These classes relate with the four orogenic occasions that have punctuated the Precambrian history of Africa (Odeyemi, 1979). Figure 2.1: Regional Geological Map of Nigeria (Modified after Ajibade et al., 1988) Beach front Nigeria contains two sedimentary bowls: The Benin-Dahomey bowl and the Niger Delta bowl isolated by the Okitipupa edge. The stones of the Benin bowl are predominantly sands and shales with some limestone which thicken towards the west and the coast just as down plunges to the coast. Late dregs are underlain by the Coastal Plains Sands which is then underlain by a thick dirt layer the Ilaro Formation and other more seasoned Formations (Jones and Hockey, 1964). The Coastal Plains Sands spring is a multi-spring framework comprising of three spring skylines isolated by silty or clayey layers (Longe et al., 1987). It is the principle spring in Lagos Metropolis that is abused through boreholes for residential and modern water flexibly. The sedimentary rocks of Lagos State are made out of five (5) sedimentary arrangements (Jones and Hockey, 1964) viz: Abeokuta Formation, Ewekoro Formation, Ilaro Formation, the Coastal Plains Sands and the alluvial stores. The waterfront fields sand otherwise called the Benin Formation extends over the Dahomey bowl into the Niger Delta Basin. The geographical developments of the investigation zone made out of dregs set down under fluviate, lascustrine and marine situations. These residue grade into each other and change broadly in sidelong degree and thickness (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi 2000). Longe et al., (1987) arranged the spring into three kinds. Quantitative translation of the bends included halfway bend coordinating utilizing two-layer Schlumberger ace bends and the aux

United States History Essays - Monopoly, Economic Liberalism

US History From 1790 to the 1870's, state and national governments interceded in the American economy for the most part to help private monetary interests and advance financial development. Somewhere in the range of 1890 and 1929, be that as it may, government mediation was structured essentially to check and control private financial action in the open intrigue. Survey the legitimacy of this announcement, talking about for every one of these periods in any event TWO significant zones of open financial strategy. The announcement is basically obvious, in the hour of 1790 to 1870's personal business was at its pinnacle, government and state did little to control or as a rule was supportive of huge business. Free enterprise was the basic strategy towards guidelines and professional interactions when all is said in done. Anyway structure 1890 and 1929 the mentalities changed, more individuals were worried about the prosperity or the individuals, worried about the regularly developing intensity of large organizations; government and state began to control them in the very manners that the past timeframe. I. 1790-1870 a. guideline 1. numerous organizations were allowed to do however they wanted I. Carnegie Steel ii. RR 2. imposing business models were built up I. multimillion dollar ventures were framed a. Standard Oil b. Carnegie Steel ii. minimal done to direct these large organizations a. not until Sherman Anti-trust Act was there an endeavor made to control restraining infrastructures 1. indeed, even that didn't have teeth 3. with the restraining infrastructures costs can be fixed, nothing was done to stop this until the late 1800's 4. free enterprise arrangements were supported at that point b. business by and large 1. directed in the manner the top 1% saw fit I. Andrew Carnegie ii. John D. Rockefeller iii. J.P. Morgan 2. huge business flourished while the entrepreneurs were left to the benevolence of the huge folks 3. economy depended on the couple of individuals that had all the cash I. this brought about numerous poor, barely any rich ii. once more government/state didn't do a thing till after the late 1800's 4. strikes and associations illicit at that point II. 1890 - 1929 a. guideline 1. Acts start to go on the defensive I. Sherman Anti-Trust Act ii. Interstate Commerce Act 2. Restraining infrastructures began to be separated I. Trust Busters a. Teddy Roosevelt b. Woodrow Wilson ii. guideline of business increasingly severe 3. Individuals begin to understand the shades of malice of a free enterprise economy I. nobody yet enormous business would benefit 4. old styles of thing are before long taken over by another reasoning I. all individuals are significant ii. economy which was principally coordinated towards the couple of riches was presently being coordinated towards the lion's share, not the minority b. business in General 1. associations lawful I. AFL 2. per capita salary rose from $450 to $567 3. indeed, even presidents see changed with the appointment of Roosevelt I. President was steward of the individuals ii. Hepburn Act a. directed RR b. moved to free enterprise 4. Degenerate business strategies transformed I. Unadulterated Food and Drug Act a. to control the deceitful strategies of the large organizations and to help the states of life. 5. notable individuals are progressively worried about the neediness of the nation I. presidents a. Taft b. Wilson ii. some rich iii. authors 6. approaches changed towards rich being terrifically imperative to an increasingly cognizant moralistic perspective on the individuals being significant All in all I accept that the financial strategies during 1790 to 1870 were in actuality set up to help private interests of the couple of well off in the U.S. in light of the ever common developing riches in people, for example, Rockefeller and Carnegie. Imposing business models and protections developed without restriction in this timespan. Things key to the people groups needs were dismissed, for example, associations and value guidelines Whereas in the 1890 to 1929 arrangements and perspectives were moved to an increasingly focal spotlight on the open interests and restraining infrastructures were beginning to be toppled by trust busters and laws and guidelines set against them, for example, the Sherman Anti-trust act and the Interstate Commerce Act which were first made successful with president Roosevelt.

Matlab vs Octave Which One is Better Language and Why

Matlab vs Octave Which One is Better Language and Why In this blog, we are going to clear all your doubts between Matlab vs Octave. Here we go:- Meaning of Matlab Summary Meaning of MatlabUses of MatlabMeaning of OctaveUses of OctaveMatlab vs OctaveDefinitionProgrammedInterfaceRAMCostUsageUsing the Empty FileOperatorsFinal words for Matlab vs Octave MATLAB is a numerical analysis environment as well as a fourth-generation computer programming language. It was developed in 1970 by Cleve Moler, who used to be the administrator of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico. Cleve Moler always wanted to provide his students with a better method to learn linear algebra as well as matrix calculation without having the use of FORTRAN (a traditional language for computing). Uses of Matlab With the use of Matlab, you can: Analyze dataCreate models as well as ApplicationsDeveloping the use of AlgorithmMatrix Manipulation Meaning of Octave Octave is considered as a high-level interpreted programming language that is used for numerical computations. It is also an operationally critical threat, asset as well as vulnerability evaluation. Octave was originated at Carnegie Mellon University in 2001 for the Department of Defense in the United States of America. It is a set of techniques that we use for risk assessment in the area of Information Security. Uses of Octave The uses of Octave is as follows It provides a command-line interface for solving linear non-linear issues.For performing various numerical experimentsUsed for matrix computation alsoIt is used for algebraic differential equations.It is available in 19 languages. Matlab vs Octave Matlab and Octave are similar in many fields because they both are a high-level programming language. That is used in the field of computerization such as matrix calculation as well as in algorithms. Apart from this, the difference between Matlab vs Octave is as follows Definition Matlab is considered as a matrix laboratory which is known as a language used for technical computing. While Octave is a programming language that is popular for numerical programming. Programmed Matlab was written in C, C++, as well as Java. Whereas Octave was written in C, C++ as well as FORTRAN language. Interface Matlab has a better interface in comparison to Octave. RAM Matlab uses more RAM in comparison to Octave. Cost Matlab is not free, so it incurs a cost, whereas Octave is free. Usage Matlab provides an extensive set of tools to perform numerous tasks, whereas Octave depends on the syntax to perform any task. Using the Empty File While using Matlab, you cannot load any empty file, but it can be loaded in Octave. Operators Matlab doesn’t have the support of auto-increment as well as assigning operating. On the other hand, Octave is having proper support for auto-increment as well as assignment operators like i++. So, we have discussed the differences between Matlab and Octave as well as the similarity between Matlab and Octave in many ways. likewise, they both are helpful in high programming computing languages. That we used for matrix calculations as well as for other numerical factors.   Final words for Matlab vs Octave The whole study makes it clear that Octave is better than Matlab. The reason for it because Octave is free to use as well as its functions are also compatible with Matlab. It also assists some other high-programming language in making the functionality faster. We have the statics experts/specialists who can help you in assignment work for Matlab vs. Octave at some minor charges. Please give us a call in case of any problem regarding Matlab vs Octave study. Our company is providing expert service in this area. And they are sharing their knowledge in solving your issues.

Great War Poems From Ancient Battles to Modern Warfare

Analysis of two poems; Prayer Before Birth and Easter Monday

Analysis of two poems; Prayer Before Birth and Easter Monday In this essay I will be analysing two poems. Both poems reflect upon the theme of war. I will be analysing them through their meanings, forms and show how the poets use language to express their ideas and feelings. I have decided to look at the poems Prayer Before Birth by Louis MacNeice and Easter Monday by Eleanor Farjeon. Louis MacNeice was born in 1907, he died in 1963. His mother died when he was young and her death got to him deeply. He studied at Oxford and was one of a group of poets here who became famous. He was intensely affected by the political events of the 1930’s and also by the Second World War. This poem is about an unborn child praying that it†¦show more content†¦What he prays for is to be an individual human being in a world where people respect each other and show human kindness. If the world can’t be like that ‘otherwise kill me’. Prayer Before Birth is a poem of eight verses written in a very unusual form with a contrasting number of lines in each verse from two to ten which creates a varied rhythmic affect, this is a prayer and it to has ritualistic quality with the phrase ‘I am not yet born’ beginning in each verse apart from the last. He uses many language techniques to put across his feelings. Similes are one of them; â€Å"like water†, the use of this is that it creates an image. He also uses repetition this is used to make a point. Eleanor Farjeon was born in 1881, she died in 1965. She wrote for children and wrote poetry for adults. Many of her poetry for adults are sonnets. She went through the Second World War and this is what she talks about in many of her poems. She met another poet with whom she fell in love. His name was Edward Thomas and he was killed in action at war in 1917. This is whom this poem is about. She was a friend of both Thomas and his wife Helen and the wife new and accepted the relationship of Thomas and Eleanor. The poem is a poem in which she expresses great love and a great sense of loss, but she does it in a very quiet,Show MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesreasonable one? Yes, because it is based on high-quality reasoning. Is it the best decision—the one an expert would have made in your place? You don’t know this, but yes, the experts do say that stream water will be safe if you boil it for a minute or two. Giardia is caused by protozoa which can’t live for long at high temperature. Other micro-organisms can survive this heating, but they usually won’t cause any human illness. The reason people use water-purification tablets instead of boiling is for

The Psychology of Dreams Free Essays

Why we dream: an analysis of contemporary research and theory on the function of dreaming Krista L. Hulm Essay Topic Why do we dream? Discuss with reference to psychological theories and research. Abstract Within classical psychoanalytic psychology, Freud’s (1900) conception of dreams is the most prominent dream theory among modern Western culture (Fosshage, 1983). We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychology of Dreams or any similar topic only for you Order Now Freud theorised that dreams serve a dual, compromise function. He suggested that unconscious, instinctual drive energy pushes for discharge, moving toward the expression of a consciously unacceptable impulse. The reduction in conscious restraints characteristic of sleep allows a symbolic, disguised dream expression of the repressed wish. The overt (manifest) content of the dream represents a compromise between the instinctual forces (latent content) striving for expression, on one hand, and the repressive forces of consciousness on the other (Freud, 1900). Freud assumed that the energy pushing for action would awaken the sleeper if not for the dream which, through symbolic discharge, allows a return to sleep. Therefore the dream is seen as serving the biological function of preserving sleep, with the psychological function of discharging an unacceptable wish that might otherwise burst destructively into waking life (Dallet, 1973). Various aspects of Freud’s dream theory have undergone review from the point of view of contemporary dream research (Breger, 1967; Foulkes, 1964). It is generally agreed that with respect to dream function in particular, the sleep preservation view is invalid and the underlying model on which the wish-fulfilment theory rests requires extensive revision. A study on REM sleep deprivation and its effects on depression found that when dream sleep was experimentally repressed in depressed patients, they were found to be more outgoing, energetic, more likely to engage with others and generally less unhappy (Cartwright, 1993). This may be due to dreams of depressed people having the characteristic of being more self-blaming. These findings contradict with Freud’s theory: if dreams are a safe expression of infantile wishes, why does this function fail to help the depressed? Despite the many problems inherent in Freud’s theoretical formulation of dream function, his far-reaching work has provided a basis for many of the contemporary theories discussed below. Contemporary research on dreams using brain-imaging studies contradict the view that content emerges from random signals (Morewedge Norton, 2009). The hippocampus, which is critical to the acquisition of some types of memories, and the amygdala, which is important for emotional memories, are both seen to be active during REM sleep in brain-imaging studies (Nielson Strenstrom, 2005). This understanding of the physiological aspects of dreams supports the idea that one of the functions of sleep itself is to draw together recent experiences with one’s goals, problems and desires (Paller Voss, 2004). Fossage’s (2007) organisational model of dreams stemmed from such understandings. The model proposes that the core process and function of dreaming is to organise data. More specifically, dream mentation, like waking mentation, develops, maintains, and restores psychological organisation and regulates affect in keeping with shifting motivational priorities. Research shows that babies spend 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, adults 25% and older people 15% (Breger, 1977). From the idea that REM sleep quantitatively decreases throughout the lifespan, a number of theorists (Breger, 1967; Reiser, 1990) suggest that dreaming fosters structuralisation of the nervous system through the establishment of neural memory networks or maps and babies spend more time in REM in order to establish maps and corresponding categories of organisation. This suggestion supports the organisational model of dreaming. Furthermore, the organisational model of dreaming includes a revision of psychoanalytic theory to explain the content of dreams concluding, in short, that dreams more directly reveal – through affects metaphors and themes – the dreamer’s immediate concerns (Fosshage, 2007). References Bulkeley, K. (1993). Dreaming is play. Psychoanalytic Psychology 10(4), 501-514. Retrieved September 8, 2009, from PsychARTICLES database. Cartwright, R. (2000). How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 914-916. Fosshage, J. L. (1983). The psychological function of dreams: A revised psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 6, 641-669. Fosshage, J. L. (2007). The organizing functions of dreaming: Pivotal issues in understanding and working with dreams. International forum of psychoanalysis, 16, 4, 213-221. Retrieved 14 August 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. Revonsuo, A. (2000). The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 23, pp. 877-901. How to cite The Psychology of Dreams, Papers

The Common and Civil Law System

There are two legislative traditions that are very widespread in many countries; in particular one can speak about the common and civil law systems. This paper is aimed at discussing the similarities and differences between these approaches.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Common and Civil Law System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, one should show how these differences can affect the work of many companies, for instance, American firms that operate at an international level. On the whole, it is possible to argue that the difference between these systems can create significant challenges for many businesses. First of all, one should remember common law system is based on the premise that courts have a right to develop rules or principles that regulate some aspects of human activities. This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about such aspects as contracts or tort litigation (Cross 181). Close attention should be paid to the so-called precedents or the decisions took by judges in the past (Schubert 88). These professionals have to rely on precedents when they need to address similar cases or disputes. Nevertheless, these people can also adopt new rules if they see that existing legislation is not sufficient for resolving a particular problem. This is one of the main peculiarities that should be kept in mind. In contrast, civil law system is based on the collected and ordered set of regulations and rules that were adopted by the government (Cross 181). The main issue is that courts are only allowed to interpret existing regulations. In other words, they are forced to operate within certain limits. Nevertheless, they do not usually have the opportunity to introduce new rules. This is one of the main differences that one can identify. These discrepancies can affect both individuals and organizations when they have to live or operate in a new legal environment. Ne vertheless, one should not assume that these approaches have nothing in common. For example, in each of these systems criminal activities are evaluated according to the statutes that cannot be altered by a judge (Cross 181). Furthermore, even in common law traditions, judges have to follow certain principles while interpreting existing precedents or identifying new ones (Antoine 44).Advertising Looking for assessment on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from that, the decision of the supreme courts in civil law countries can sometimes have binding power. This is one of the issues that should be taken into consideration by organizations and individuals. The companies that are based in the United States can encounter several challenges while operating at an international level. These organizations are accustomed to common law tradition, and sometimes, it is difficult for these firms to work in a different legal e nvironment. This is one of the main issues that be taken into account by business administrators. For example, one can mention such a company as Apple that was forced to make its online store compatible with mp3 players manufactured by their competitors (Norwegian Consumer Council. 1). Provided that this company had been operating only in the United States, it would have been easier for them uphold their rights. Yet, Norway is a country with civil law tradition and the judges working in this country have to adhere to certain codified regulations. This is one of the examples that one can provide. Furthermore, one can mention about the difficulties faced by Google when it began its operations in China. This corporation was forced to comply with existing laws regarding free speech and censorship. These restrictions could have violated the main values of this company. This is one of the reasons why this corporation decided to move to Hong Kong in which common law system is adopted (Mill er 183). In this legal environment, this organization can better protect itself from the intrusion of the government. Overall, such difficulties are faced by other American firms. These cases suggest common law system can actually create an unfair advantage for some organizations, especially if one is speaking about local producers. This argument is particularly relevant to the case of Apple since this organization was forced to give away its competitive advantage to some of its key rivals.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Common and Civil Law System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, while evaluating common and civil law traditions, one should not overlook the political culture of a country. For instance, a civil law system can be rather effective in fully democratic countries. Nevertheless, this model can function very poorly when it is used in a totalitarian or autocratic state. This is th e main argument that should be taken into consideration. These cases indicate that common and civil law systems differ in several ways. One should focus on the opportunities that are available to judges. In the common law tradition, they are enabled to act as legislators who can introduce new rules by setting precedents. In contrast, civil law tradition implies that the decisions of these professionals should be based on existing statutes. They have to operate within certain limits. This difference can profoundly affect the work of American companies that are accustomed to common law legal tradition. However, the differences between these traditions can be better described by looking at the political system of various countries. Works Cited Antoine, Rose-Marie. Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems, London: Routledge, 2008. Print. Cross, Frank. West’s Legal Environment of Business: Text and Cases: Ethical,  Regulatory, International, and E-commerce Issues, New York: Cengage Learning, 2007. Print. Miller, Roger. Business Law, New York: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Norwegian Consumer Council 2012. Complaint against iTunes Music Store. PDF File. 24 Feb. 2012. http://web.archive.org/web/20060613185025/http://forbrukerportalen.no/filearchive/Complaint%20against%20iTunes%20Music%20Store.pdfAdvertising Looking for assessment on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schubert, Frank. Introduction to Law and the Legal System, Boston: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. This assessment on The Common and Civil Law System was written and submitted by user Camilo Graves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.